Development of Dental Adhesive

Development of Dental Adhesive Dr. Muhammad Zakir, PhD Student Faculty of Dentistry Introduction Dental adhesive are considered as an important products in dentistry not only to provide a good adhesion between dental materials and the tooth structure but also for a good bonding between dental prosthesis and resin cements. The presence of a good dental adhesive between the two dissimilar surface not only increases the longevity of the material but also enhances the mechanical property of the prosthesis. Dental adhesives have been used widely in clinical restorative dentistry resulting in the bonding between the prosthesis and resin materials. Dental materials like zirconia, titanium, Cobalt-chromium alloys, other metal alloys and glass fibres are used as prosthesis and bonded to the tooth structure via resin composites. Many researchers have studied the effect of coupling agents or the adhesive agents used in industries in the dental field, giving good results of bonding between the substrate and resin cement. But, still the main problem remains i.e., that these adhesives are considered hydrolitically unstable when they are subjected to the conditions mimicing the oral cavity. The reason behind the development of novel coupling agents are to somehow increase the longevity of adhesion between the dental materials for the patient. There has been an evolution of the coupling agnets in dentistry as different types of coupling agents are now being used like for e.g., silane coupling agents, zirconia coupling agents, phosphate based coupling agents. Researchers and scientists have been thoroughly working on the enhancement of bonding by modifications of these dental adhesives. Literature Reivew Silanes in dentistry are used as primers for increasing the adhesion between various dental materials and prosthetic substrates. Silanes are also very biocompatible and cost-effective. Different studies have been conducted which have used different silanes for the adhesion of zirconia to resin cements, titanium, to resin cements and glass fibers to resin cements. But still not a single perfect material has been obtained. Some have hydrophilicity problems, some have the problem of reduced bond strength with aging and some have inferior adhesion properties when subjected to the oral conditions. A study done by Matinlinna et al. showed that the bond strength of four experimental silane systems between zirconia and resin cement the 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(ACPS), 3-styrylethyltrimethoxysilane(STYRX), 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane(ICS), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS) with a cross linking silane monomer bis-1-2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) was higher than the pre-activated dental silane product RelyX ceramic primer [1]. Similarly, another study by Matinlinna et al. stated that the by using some less usual functional monomers as experimental primers can enhance the bonding of resin to zirconia as the study proves by stating that 3-Acryloxypropyltrimehoxysilane, 3-glycidoxyproplytrimethoxysilane and styrylethyltrimethoxysilane increase the bonding of resin to zirconia when compared to the pre-activated dental silane product RelyX ceramic primer [2]. Zirconia is a very biocompatible material which has a high wear resistance due to it being dense. The zirconia which is used in dentistry has good mechanical and chemical properties making it a material of choice for many dental applications as it fulfills the functional requirements [3]. In dentistry Zirconia is used mainly as endodontic posts, implant abutments, crowns, bridges and implants. But the bonding of zirconia to resin is weak due to zirconia being an inert material. Thus, to promote the adhesion of zirconia to resins surface conditioning of zirconia is done mainly sandblasting with silica coated alumina particles followed by silanization with a silane coupling agent [4]. Titanium and its alloys are vastly used in the field of dentistry not only due to their biocompatibility but also due to their corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. In dentistry titanium and its alloys are used to make prothesis appliances like metal frameworks for fixed and romovable partial dentures, full crowns, bridges, endodontic posts and dental implants [5,6]. Titanium is cemented after surface treatment by tribochemical silica a type of sandblasting treatment and and then silanized to give good bonding as it is a non-silica based material [7]. One main problem related to this titanium is it’s weak bond to the resin cements. Thus, to cover these problems many methods have been proposed and tested mechanical retention, chemical retention or a combination of both [8]. Problem Statement Although there are quite a few adhesives which promote the bonding of different dental materials to the resin cements but most of them do not have a long term durability and with the passage of time the bond strength decreases leading to the failure of the prostheses due to the harsh oral environment. Therefore, there is a need for such an adhesive/bonding agent which not only has good bond strength but also is hydrolytically stable for a long time and being a long term solution for the patient. Aims and Objectives The aims of these studies will be to enhance the bonding/adhesion between zirconia-resin composite and Titanium – resin composite hydrolytically stable bonding systems: Studying the adhesive properties of a novel silane systems between Ti alloys – resin composites. Studying the adhesive properties of a novel silane systems between Zr alloys – resin composites. References Matinlinna JP, Choi AH, Tsoi JK-H. Bonding promotion of resin composite to silica-coated zirconia implant surface using a novel silane system. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 24, 2013, 290-296. Matinlinna JP and Lassila LV. Enhanced resin-composite bonding to zirconia framework after pretreatment with selected silane monomers. Dental Materials 27 (2011) 273-280. Matinlinna JP and Mittal KL. Adhesion aspects in dentistry, VSP/Brill, Leiden; 2009. Kaminski HD and Easton AD. Dental Materials Research, Nova Science, New York; 2009; 1-21. Matinlinna JP, Tsoi JK-H, de Vries J. Busscher HJ. Characterization of novel silane coating on titanium implant surfaces. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 24, 2013, 688-697. Lin J, Shinya A, Gomi H, Matinlinna JP, Shinya A. In vitro evaluation of bonding durability of self-adhesive resin cement to titanium using highly accelerated life test. Dental materials journal 2011, 30 (6): 837-844. Lung CYK and Matinlinna JP. Silanes for adhesion promotion and surface modification. Silane: Chemistry, application and performance, ISBN 978-1-62257-432-2; chapter 3; pages 87-109. Almilhatti HJ, Neppelenbroek KH, Vergani CE, Machado AL, Pavarina AC, Giampolo AC. Adhesive bonding of resin composite to various titanium surfaces using different metal conditioners and surface modification systems. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21 (6): 590-596.

Frederick Busch :: Frederick Busch Literature Essays

Frederick Busch When someone asked Emmanuel Sià ©yà ¨s what he'd done during the Reign of Terror, he replied, "I survived."Though the characters in the stories of Frederick Busch's latest collection don't have to contend with quite the same adversities as Monsieur Sià ©yà ¨s, nevertheless they encounter revelations which are, in our modern context, just as terrifying.And more often than not, they survive them. These revelations usually involve the acquisition of knowledge--the sort of knowledge we frequently already possess, but pretend that we don't: parents have lives entirely secret from their children; there is a point beyond which damaged love cannot be repaired; people use other people even when (and as) they love them.The families in these stories create stories of their own, stories about who and what they are as entities--stories which are often at odds with reality, but which help them to deal with the disappointments and tragedies of that reality.Clearly, the title's allusion to Hansel and Gretel invites reading these as stories of innocence lost; and most of the reviews of this oft-reviewed and much-praised collection (it was short listed for the 1995 Pen-Faulkner award) make much of this connection.But these are also stories of the terrifying darkness of adult responsibilities recognized and faced, though not always triumphantly. In "Bread" two children try to put their parents' house together (or perhaps take it apart) after their parents' accidental death; one seeks refuge in sarcasm and denial, while the other makes bread which will never be eaten and thinks on various kinds of "debris": the "still-smoking rubble" of his two-year marriage, the pile of clothes which has "nothing to do with how my mother wore my father's flannel shorts on Sunday to cook in..."In the stylistically innovative "Bring Your Friends to the Zoo," a couple (these are nearly always duets of longing) awkwardly try to dismantle (or remember?) their affair, while being directed by the narrator about how to move, what to see: "Once through the gate, face right.The Deer House, the Camel House ... As you face your right you see a path before you.Take it."The zoo would seem at first neutral ground, but we discover there is no neutrality, no one is the innocent bystander, the one-day tourist.In "Is Anyone Left This Time of Year?" tourism of another kind is explored when a recently widowed man visits a town where there are no more tourists, and once there, shell-shocked with grief, he merely repeats everything said to him, thus becoming an echo of his previous visits; absolutely passive, he is the compleat tourist, merely and only "seeing" the sights.

Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW) Essay

This was achieved by combing all the organization strength into one. General Mills brought massive manufacturing capabilities, excellence in products and production process, and diversified portfolio of products. Nestle brought feeding the world, selling in all countries and deep understanding of international marketing and distribution. With the upstream value chain, CPW will need to centralize procurement on raw materials for all its manufacturing operations. By using this strategy will receive CPW more of the bargaining power when dealing with suppliers. This will result in lower costs and better opportunities for future suppliers. With the downstream of the value chain regarding marketing/sales & distribution and having these parts of the organization decentralized, this will give CPW  competitive advantage over competitors. This will give CPW the ability to market variety of different product to certain individual consumers. When one compares both advantages over CPW and Kellogg with the value chain, it can see which has the better-perceived customer value. Kellogg had the better value added chain; this was shown by comparing advantages over CPW. By looking at the advantages compared with both companies, this can explain why Kellogg is more of a market lead in international business strategy. The two best blue ocean strategy would be having a stand-alone store and partnering up with a fitness centre to form a private label. With having a stand-alone or a private label, this will give CPW to connect with their health-conscious consumer. Another benefit of doing a private label is a decrease in cost relative brand marketing. This gives CPW to focus on the quality of the product to increase brand loyalty and confidence. To increase sales volumes, CPW needs to improve on penetrating into their market using a glocalization strategy. There are five areas that CPW can work on marketing and brand strategy, strengthening core brands, Innovation and new product launch, new global brands, and merger and acquisition. This will give CPW more of a presence in their market and be able to act like an international and local provider to their consumer base. How can General Mills and Nestlà © create international competitiveness by joining forces with CPW?General Mills and Nestle need to leverage the value chain in their joint venture to gain market share. This can be done by centralizing upstream activities and decentralizing downstream activities. Adjusting how these activities are undertaken in the portfolio of international markets will enable the joint partnership to better leverage their core competencies. The CPW Value ChainThe CPW value chain consists of upstream and downstream activities. The CPW partnership divided the upstream and downstream activities to better leverage General mills and Nestle core competencies. With General Mills strengths concentrated in the upstream with their Massive manufacturing capabilities, Excellence in products and production process, and  Diversified portfolio of products. This combination of core competencies makes them ideal to handle the upstream  processes. Nestle is the world’s largest food manufacturer and specialize in making sure the world gets fed.CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) Their core competencies are focused on the downstream and consist of Feeding the world Selling in all countries Deep understanding of international marketing and distribution An understanding of the CPW joint venture value chain can help create international competiveness. Centralization of the Upstream Activities. Upstream actives for the current joint venture are a combination of primary and support activities. Competitive advantage in upstream and support activates often grow more out of the entire system of countries in which a firm competes than from its position in any single country CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008). The CPW partnership can start by centralizing procurement of raw materials for all of its manufacturing operations. Doing this will enable them to achieve greater bargain power over suppliers and thus lower their costs. Maybe insert something about production planning and combine it with the creation and tweaking of current products for individual markets. De-centralizing downstream ActivitiesNestle specializes in feeding the world. They are unbelievable at delivering quality products to multiple international markets. The CPW partnership needs to decentralize this part of the operation. Downstream activities create competitive advantages that are largely out of local activities and create entry/mobility barriers in that country alone. CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) Decentralizing the marketing/sales and distribution of the products will enable the team to target individual tasks in the downstream value chain to gain competitive advantage over the competition. For instance, a product might not be right for a certain market and a de-centralized marketing department would be better equipped to pick up on that and make changes better suited to the local consumer. The CPW partnership was created to leverage the core competencies of the two companies. Carol can use this to her advantage by centralizing the upstream activities and decentralizing the downstream activities. CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) Doing this will enable multiple competitive  advantages to be created in the overall value chain. Evaluate the international competitiveness of CPW compared to the Kellogg Company.Kellogg Background InformationKellogg organization has been able to be the number one manufacturer spot. They have achieved this by adopting an international strategy at beginning of their start up. This led to Kellogg organization, the pathway to developing a strong brand globally and concentrate on their core competence of their business. Also, Kellogg was able to market their products effectively with all region they desired to sell to. Having this effectively marketing plan, Kellogg was able to have a strong presence in all regions. CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008)Value ChainTo compare international competitiveness the value chain is the best way to evaluate the advantages, and each organization has over the other. Kellogg AdvantagesDeveloped their international strategy at an early stage of the business. This has helped Kellogg develop connects in the international business field which helps with relative costs. Perceived Value could be higher than CPW with more presence in the international market. Comparing sales volumes and market share are higher this has led to advantage with Economic of scale. Having production flexibility, better coordination of the whole value chain. Faster implementation of new ideas on products to the market place CPW AdvantagesMore of a market leader in countries other than North America. Well known partner Nestle on collaborating with products to various regions and countries. Has a strong and leading brand with General Mills. By looking at the advantages compared with both companies, this can explain why Kellogg is more of a market lead in international business strategy. Suggest how CPW can create a blue-ocean strategy.In a fast evolving modern society, consumers begin to step away from traditional breakfast meals. The reasons are the lack of time available in the morning, or the increased popularity of fad diets, and trends. In order to keep up with a saturated market of breakfast options, CPW needs to consider the following blue-ocean strategies. First Strategy: Stand-alone storeThe first strategy is to open stand-alone breakfast cereal stores. The stores would offer a variety of breakfast cereals produced by Nestle and General Mills Inc. for the healthy  conscious consumers on the go. A number of options would be offered with the purchase of cereal, such as a variety of dairy and non-dairy products, sugar and sugar substitutes, including cane sugar, brown sugar and liquid sugar. Other add-ons to cer eal will include fresh fruit, dried fruit, nuts, and seeds to appeal to the growing health-conscious consumer demographic. CPW will offer a variety of breakfast bars for consumers who still want the quality of breakfast cereal. This will attract consumers do not possess the time to sit down and to have the traditional morning breakfast, another option exists. In order to entice brand new and returning consumers, a loyalty program will be introduced, such as stamp cards, in order to receive discounts and free products. Second Strategy: Partnership with fitness centresThe second strategy is to join a partnership with fitness centres such as Steve Nash and Club 16, and offer its members the variety of CPW cereals or breakfast bars. Many of the fitness centres are open 24/7 or open early, so a number of consumers who use their services choose to forfeit their breakfast for attending a fitness centre. This is an ideal target market for CPW, because the company is trying to appeal to a health-conscious consumer with the healthier cereals, and breakfast bars, which are becoming increasingly popular. Where and how can CPW create further international sales growth?General Mills and Nestle have been able to use their international strengths of their organizations to become number two in most of their industry. This has been able to be successful by using the CPW’s 50% stakeholder positon that General Mills owns. CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) For CPW to continue to grow in the international cereal market, there are a few countries that are not being completely penetrated into the cereal market. This can be seen by the chart below comparing the per capita consumption per year (kg) with the following listed regions CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008)For CPW to have further international sales growth, the bottom four regions have a better penetration strategy. This can be done through marketing and brand strategy, strengthening core brands, Innovation and new product launch, new global brands, and merger and acquisition. Marketing and Brand StrategyIn the past, the level of sugar levels in cereals have had a negative impact with the consumers that purchase cereal worldwide. CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) To reverse this impact and to attract more consumers CPW should be using a health marketing and brand strategy. CPW needs to be able to show and tell that CPW has changed their cereals to fit the everyday health-conscious consumer. Strengthening Core BrandingWith exists, brands in regions CPW needs to establish a better brands awareness to their consumers. This can be achieved by continuing using marketing campaigns. The way that these campaigns will affect the sales growth will be better connecting to CPW consumers. CPW needs to a better understanding of what their consumers want out of breakfast cereal. This can be done through celebrity endorsements with some of their cereal brands. New Global BrandsCPW will be able to increase their sales by using a golocalization strategy for all regions. The way CPW succeed in this is my looking at each of these regions and seeing the local customer needs, culture, and local markets. Doing this CPW will have a better understanding of why South-West Europe, South- East Asia, Russia, and China are considerably lower Per Capita Consumption Per Year (kg) compared to the other regions. Innovation and New Product Launch CPW needs to continue using the value-added chain, so CPW continually develops new innovated products that reach a variety of consumers. This will keep CPW ahead of their competition and to keep existing and add new potential consumer. By keeping their existing and new potential consumers, CPW will be able to increase their sales. For example; city dwellers are more on the go and need some that they can just pick up and go. A perfect product for this would be a cereal bar for the on the go worker. Merger and  AcquisitionThe growth of cost for branded products has led to private label products which have seen up to a 30% increase. CITATION Har08 l 1033 (Hollensen, 2008) This is a huge opportunity that CPW can do for their international marketing by concentrating on the brand identity. This will increase brand loyalty and confidence that CPW lacks with a few of their regions. CPW has seen success in using this strategy with their Australia. CPW achieved this by partnering up with Unc le Toby’s if CPW does this with South-West Europe, South- East Asia, Russia, and China it will have a huge increase in sales. ConclusionCereal Partners Worldwide (CPW) combined forces with General Mills and Nestle in order to create more international competitiveness. With the upstream value chain, CPW will need to centralize procurement on raw materials for all its manufacturing operations. This way CPW will have improve their upstream value chain. The downstream of the value chain needs to be decentralized regarding marketing/sales & distribution. This will give CPW more of a competitor advantages when selling products to variety of consumers. When one compares both advantages over CPW and Kellogg with the value chain, it can see which has the better-perceived customer value. Kellogg had the better value added chain; this was shown by comparing advantages over CPW. By looking at the advantages compared with both companies, this can explain why Kellogg is more of a market lead in international business strategy. The two best blue ocean strategy would be having a stand-alone store and partnering up with a fitness centre to form a private label. With having a stand-alone or a private label, this will give CPW to connect with their health-conscious consumer. Another benefit of doing a private label is a decrease in cost relative brand marketing. This gives CPW to focus on the quality of the product to increase brand loyalty and confidence. To increase sales volumes, CPW needs to improve on penetrating into their market using a glocalization strategy. There are five areas that CPW can work on marketing and brand strategy, strengthening core brands, Innovation and new product launch, new global brands, and merger and acquisition. This will give CPW more of a presence in their market and be able to act like an international and local provider to their consumer base. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Hollensen, S. &. (2008). Essentials of Global Marketing. Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education.

Essay on How Popular Culture Affects Race - 1347 Words

HOW POPULAR CULTURE AFFECTS RACE The popular culture particularly visual media affects our opions and attitude towards race and racial minorities group. our assumptions about race and racial minorities are both successeded and reflected in the streotypes presented by the visual media. i strongly believe in the George Gebners scientific examintaiton of televison that how we perceive ourselves and how we view those around us are affected by what we see on television. Visual media has such a heavy impact on us that even though they present a grossly distorted picture of the real world. people tend to accept more readily than reality itslef. the popular culture deals with symbolic realm of social life, the image which it creates, represents†¦show more content†¦the other was the imbalances created in the televison between black and white community. it teaches young black to accept minority status as noticebely inevietable and even deserved. television also overrepresent and glamourize the elite occupation that sets up unrealistic expectations and largely neglects portraying the occupation such as farmers, factory workers and small businessman. On television 55% of characters are involved in the violent conforontation once a week in reality figure is less than 1 % creating a fear of crime. the way the race and the racial minority groups are represented in television they contribute to the overall racial climate.The historical results have been distinct and different groups have encountered unique forms of racial opression. Native american faced genocide , blacks were subjected to slavery, mexicans were invaded and asians faced exclusions. Films and televsions have been notorious in dissementing images of racial minorities which establish for audiences what these groups look like, how they behave and in essence who they are. Another important perhaps central dimensions of racial minority streotype is sex gender differentiation. women of color were sometimes treated as erotic sex objects. such a comment revelas an interesting aspects about myths and reality in american culture. the imporatance of raceShow MoreRelatedHow Should One Define The American Identity?1642 Words   |  7 PagesHow should one define the American Identity? The American Identity should be defined as multicultural individuals who commit to similar common values, ideas, beliefs, and personal freedom rather than being defined by race, ethnic identity, and religion. Our common values, ideas, and beliefs depend on the core structure of the American government: the Constitution, which provides freedom, equality, and independence. 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